[
  {
    "id": "ARR-2026-17K7KRR6NH9ZVAEJ-v1",
    "type": "article",
    "title": "A Machine-Checked Proof of the Amos Bound for Modified Bessel Function Ratios",
    "author": [
      {
        "literal": "Lluis Eriksson"
      }
    ],
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          2026,
          7,
          12
        ]
      ]
    },
    "publisher": "AIRR.SCIENCE",
    "archive": "AIRR.SCIENCE",
    "archive_location": "ARR-2026-17K7KRR6NH9ZVAEJ",
    "version": "v1",
    "genre": "Archived manuscript",
    "URL": "https://airr.science/papers/ARR-2026-17K7KRR6NH9ZVAEJ/versions/v1/",
    "note": "Archived manuscript; ARR-2026-17K7KRR6NH9ZVAEJ v1. Not peer reviewed by AIRR. Historical import; not assessed by AIRR.",
    "abstract": "Amos's upper bound for the modified Bessel function ratio, rho_n(x) = I_{n+1}(x)/I_n(x) < x/(n + 1/2 + sqrt((n+1/2)^2 + x^2)) = B_n(x), is a classical theorem, and its derivation through the qualitative theory of the associated Riccati equation is an established technique. This paper contributes, to our knowledge, the first formalization: a complete, machine-checked Lean 4 proof of the bound for every integer order n >= 0 and every x > 0, over the power-series definition of I_n carried in the same pinned development, with axiom oracle [propext, Classical.choice, Quot.sound] and no analytic hypothesis of any kind. The formalized route runs through the Riccati equation rho_n' = 1 - ((2n+1)/x) rho_n - rho_n^2 (itself derived from the formalized series calculus), the observation that B_n is exactly the positive root of the Riccati quadratic, a small-argument zone bound uniform in n obtained from pure geometric tail estimates, and a first-crossing barrier argument in a transformed variable psi_n = x(1/rho_n - rho_n) whose structural feature — every touch of the critical level forces rho_n' = 0, so the barrier never needs to be differentiated — is the simplification this formalization contributes. As corollaries, the unit-step inequality, the strict monotonicity of the logarithmic derivative across orders (in deriv form), and a phi-monotonicity step used by a lattice-gauge surface expansion all become unconditional theorems. The theorem is proved for the in-core power-series definition of the integer-order modified Bessel function; no formal identification with an external special-functions library object, and no extension to noninteger order, is claimed."
  }
]